1. 534 AD – The Byzantine Emperor Justinian I issues the Pragmatic Sanction
On November 23, 534, Emperor Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire issued the Pragmatic Sanction, a significant legal decree. This sanction reorganized the administration of the Italian Peninsula, which had recently been reconquered from the Ostrogoths. It aimed to integrate Italy more closely into the Byzantine administration, standardizing laws and governance. The Pragmatic Sanction also established new provinces and clarified the relationship between the central government and local authorities. This decree was part of Justinian’s broader efforts to restore the Roman Empire’s former glory through legal and military means.
2. 1644 – The Battle of Nantwich during the English Civil War
The Battle of Nantwich took place on November 23, 1644, during the English Civil War. It was fought between the Royalist forces loyal to King Charles I and the Parliamentarian troops. The Parliamentarians emerged victorious, marking a significant turning point in the war. This victory helped secure the northwest of England for the Parliamentarians and boosted their morale. The battle demonstrated the effective use of cavalry and infantry coordination, which became a hallmark of later engagements in the war.
3. 1859 – The first modern oil well is completed in Pennsylvania
On November 23, 1859, Edwin Drake successfully drilled the first modern oil well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. This event marked the beginning of the modern petroleum industry. The well produced oil that could be refined into kerosene, which became a popular fuel for lighting. Drake’s success sparked a rush of oil exploration and drilling across the United States. This discovery had a profound impact on industrial growth, transportation, and the economy.
4. 1889 – Brazil is declared a republic
Brazil was declared a republic on November 23, 1889, following a military coup that deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II. This event ended the Brazilian Empire and established the First Brazilian Republic. The republic was characterized by a federal system and a new constitution that was adopted shortly after. The change reflected growing dissatisfaction with the monarchy and a desire for modernization and democratization. The republic laid the foundation for Brazil’s political development in the 20th century.
5. 1900 – The Great Galveston Hurricane hits Texas
On November 23, 1900, the Great Galveston Hurricane struck Galveston, Texas, causing massive devastation. It remains the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history, with an estimated death toll of 6,000 to 12,000 people. The hurricane destroyed much of the city, including homes, businesses, and infrastructure. In response, the city constructed a seawall and raised the elevation of the island to protect against future storms. The disaster highlighted the need for improved weather forecasting and emergency preparedness.
6. 1940 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected to a third term as U.S. President
On November 23, 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt was re-elected for an unprecedented third term as President of the United States. This was the first time a U.S. president was elected to more than two terms. Roosevelt’s leadership during the Great Depression and the looming threat of World War II made him a popular choice. His third term would see the U.S. entering World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt’s presidency reshaped American politics and set a precedent later codified by the 22nd Amendment.
7. 1963 – The assassination of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem
South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem was assassinated on November 23, 1963, following a military coup. Diem’s regime had been marked by authoritarian rule and increasing opposition. His death marked a significant turning point in the Vietnam War, leading to political instability in South Vietnam. The coup was supported by the United States, which had grown frustrated with Diem’s leadership. This event deepened the conflict and complicated U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
8. 1971 – The first ever email is sent
On November 23, 1971, Ray Tomlinson sent the first ever email, pioneering a new form of communication. He chose the “@” symbol to separate the user name from the computer name, a convention still used today. This innovation laid the groundwork for the modern internet and digital communication. Email revolutionized how people and businesses interact globally. It became an essential tool for information exchange, collaboration, and commerce.
9. 1996 – The Taliban capture Kabul
On November 23, 1996, the Taliban captured Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, marking a major shift in the country’s political landscape. The Taliban imposed strict Islamic law and ruled Afghanistan with an authoritarian regime. Their takeover led to international isolation and sanctions. The regime provided a safe haven for terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda. The Taliban’s control of Kabul set the stage for future conflicts and international interventions.
10. 2005 – The European Union officially adopts the euro as its currency
On November 23, 2005, the European Union officially adopted the euro as the currency for twelve member states. This move aimed to facilitate economic integration and simplify trade and travel within the EU. The euro replaced national currencies, creating a unified monetary system. It helped stabilize exchange rates and promote economic cooperation. The adoption of the euro was a significant step toward European unity and globalization.