1. 1776 – Thomas Paine publishes “The American Crisis”
On December 19, 1776, Thomas Paine published the first of his series of pamphlets titled “The American Crisis.” This pamphlet was meant to inspire the American colonists to continue their fight for independence from British rule. Paine’s famous opening line, “These are the times that try men’s souls,” became a rallying cry for the revolutionaries. The pamphlet was read aloud to soldiers and citizens alike, boosting morale during a critical period of the Revolutionary War. Paine’s words helped sustain the revolutionary spirit, especially after a series of defeats.
2. 1843 – Charles Dickens’ “A Christmas Carol” is published
On December 19, 1843, Charles Dickens’ novella “A Christmas Carol” was published for the first time. This classic story introduced the character Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly man who transforms after being visited by three ghosts on Christmas Eve. The book quickly became popular and had a profound impact on Christmas traditions in the English-speaking world. Dickens used the story to highlight social issues such as poverty and redemption. “A Christmas Carol” remains one of the most beloved holiday stories to this day.
3. 1912 – The Japanese annexation of Korea
On December 19, 1912, the formal annexation of Korea by Japan was underway following the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910. Though the treaty had been signed earlier, Japan tightened its control over Korea, effectively ending the Korean Empire’s sovereignty. This period led to harsh colonial rule which lasted until the end of World War II in 1945. The annexation resulted in significant political, cultural, and economic changes in Korea. It remains a sensitive and important historical issue in relations between Korea and Japan.
4. 1946 – The first Cannes Film Festival is held
The inaugural Cannes Film Festival took place on December 19, 1946, in Cannes, France. It was established to celebrate and promote international cinema and film culture after World War II. The festival quickly became one of the most prestigious film festivals in the world. It provided a platform for filmmakers from different countries to showcase their work to a global audience. Over the decades, Cannes has played a crucial role in shaping the film industry and launching the careers of many renowned directors.
5. 1972 – Apollo 17 astronauts return to Earth
On December 19, 1972, the astronauts of Apollo 17 returned safely to Earth, marking the end of the last manned mission to the Moon. Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans, and Harrison Schmitt spent over three days on the lunar surface conducting scientific experiments and collecting samples. This mission contributed valuable data to our understanding of the Moon’s geology. Apollo 17 also marked the final chapter of NASA’s Apollo program, which had begun with Apollo 11 in 1969. Eugene Cernan was the last person to walk on the Moon, and his return symbolized the end of an era in space exploration.
6. 1916 – The Battle of Verdun ends
The Battle of Verdun, one of the longest and most brutal battles of World War I, ended on December 19, 1916. This battle between French and German forces lasted about 10 months and resulted in massive casualties on both sides. Verdun became a symbol of French determination and sacrifice. The battle significantly drained German resources and morale, contributing to the eventual Allied victory. It also highlighted the brutal nature of trench warfare and the devastating impact of modern artillery.
7. 1984 – Bhopal gas tragedy occurs
On December 19, 1984, the Bhopal gas tragedy unfolded in India when a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide leaked methyl isocyanate gas. This industrial disaster resulted in thousands of immediate deaths and left many more injured or suffering long-term health issues. It is considered one of the world’s worst industrial catastrophes. The tragedy raised awareness about industrial safety and environmental regulations worldwide. The effects of the disaster continue to affect the community decades later.
8. 1998 – President Bill Clinton is impeached
On December 19, 1998, the U.S. House of Representatives voted to impeach President Bill Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice. The charges stemmed from Clinton’s extramarital affair with Monica Lewinsky and his subsequent attempts to cover it up. The impeachment was a highly divisive and politically charged event in American history. Clinton was acquitted by the Senate in early 1999 and completed his term in office. This event highlighted issues of personal conduct and political accountability in the presidency.
9. 1968 – Apollo 8 returns to Earth
Apollo 8, the first manned spacecraft to orbit the Moon, returned safely to Earth on December 19, 1968. Astronauts Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders made history by completing ten lunar orbits and sending back iconic images of Earth from space. This mission paved the way for the subsequent Apollo 11 Moon landing. It was a major achievement in the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Apollo 8’s success boosted national morale and demonstrated NASA’s growing capabilities.
10. 1956 – Fidel Castro is imprisoned
On December 19, 1956, Cuban revolutionary Fidel Castro was captured and imprisoned following his initial failed attempt to overthrow the Batista regime. He was soon released and went into exile in Mexico, where he regrouped and planned the Cuban Revolution. Castro returned to Cuba in 1956 aboard the yacht Granma, beginning the guerrilla campaign that eventually led to the overthrow of Batista in 1959. His efforts dramatically altered Cuban and Cold War history. Castro’s imprisonment was a pivotal moment that galvanized his resolve to continue the fight for revolution.